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MLA Citation format Modern Language Association MLA citation format | Modern Language Association MLA citation format |
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A Works Cited page provides a complete citation for every work you cited in your research paper. A Bibliography (or Works Consulted list), in contrast, provides a full citation for every work you consulted as you wrote your paper. In most academic research papers, instructors require a Works Cited page. However, in business, you may be asked to prepare a Bibliography/Works Consulted list as well. Be sure you know what documentation you are required to submit with your research paper. MLA Citation FormatBelow are the standard MLA (Modern Language Association) citation formats. Remember to use MLA style formatting for papers in the humanities. CITING INTERNET SOURCES As you read know, the format for citing an Internet source is still evolving. Below are the minimum requirements as of publication date. • Author. Make every effort to distinguish the author of the content from the page designer and avoid listing the designer as an author. If you can't locate an author citation, begin the reference with the title. • Title. If there is both an individual document title and a publication title, place the publication title after the document title. • Date of publication or date of last revision. If a document includes both a date of creation and a date it was last updated, use only the latter. If no date is included, use the abbreviation n.d. (no date) just as you would for a book or article with no date. • URL. Block and copy the URL to avoid typographical errors. • Date that you accessed the page. Examples Internet sources include general web sources, database articles, e-mail, and electronic newsgroups and bulletin boards. General Web Source Format Author. "Document Title" Publication or Web site title. Date of publication. Date of access. Example Rosenberg, Owen. "Selling Organs for Transplant." Health Issues Update. Winter 2005. 10 March 2007 www.organdebate.org/Winter2005.html> Database ArticlesCite articles from databases (such as EBSCOhost or Lexis-Nexis) as you would an article from a print journal but include additional information about the electronic source. Format Author."Article Title." Periodical Title: volume number (publication date): page numbers (if available). Database name. Database producer. Date of access . Example Moon, William Least Heat. "Blue Highways." U.S. News and World Report (17 January 2005): 12+. 12 May 2007 CITING BOOKS The basic citation for a book looks like this: Format Author's last name, first name. Book Title. Place of publication: publisher, date of publication. Examples A book with one author Hartz, Paula. Abortion:A Doctor's Perspective, a Woman's Dilemma. A book with two or more authors Notice that the first author's name is inverted for alphabetical order. Example Landis, Jean M. and Rita J. Simon. Intelligence: Nature or Nurture? A book with four or more authors You can cite all the authors listed or only the first one and then write et al. ("and others") for the rest of the authors. Example Frieze, Irene HM et al. Women and Sex Roles: A Psychological Perspective. A corporation Give the name of the corporation as the author, even if it is the publisher as well. Example People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Animal Rights. An author and an editor Be sure to include the author's name, the title of the book, and then the editor. Use the abbreviation Ed. whether there is one editor or many Example Nathaniel Hawthorne. Nathaniel Hawthorne's Tales. Ed. James Macintosh. An editor Give the name of the editor or editors, followed by ed. (if one editor) or eds. (if more than one editor). Example Ellmann, Richard and Robert O'Clair, eds.The Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry. A book in a series After the title, include the name of the series and series number. Example Spencer, Evan. Ernest Hemingway. Twayne's United States Authors Series 54. A translation After the title, write Trans, ("translated by") and the name of the translator. Example Voltaire. Candide or I'optimisme. Trans. George R. Havens. A selection reprinted in an anthology First give the name of the author and the title of selection, then the title of the book, the editor, the edition, and the publication information. Example Mailer, Norman. "Censorship and Literary Cowardice." Lend Me Your Ears: Great Speeches in History. Ed. William Satire. CITING PERIODICALS The basic citation for an article looks like this: Format Author's last name, first name. "Title of the Article." Magazine. Month and year of publication: page numbers. A note on numbers... • If the page numbers in an article are not consecutive, cite the first page number followed by a plus sign (+). • The date in a bibliographic citation is written in European style, with the date before the month, rather than after. For example: 12 September 1989 Examples Article in a monthly magazine Article in a weekly magazine Schwartz, Felice N. "Management, Women, and the New Facts of Life." Newsweek 20 July 2006: 21-22. Signed newspaper article Ferraro, Susan."In-law and Order: Finding Relative Calm." The Daily News 30 June 1998:73. Unsigned newspaper article "Beanie Babies May Be a Rotten Nest Egg" Editorial Show that the article is an editorial by writing Editorial after the title. Example "Dealing with the National Debt." Editorial. Newsday 12 October 2007, sec. 2:4. Review To indicate that an article is a book, movie, or play review, write "Rev. of" before the work being reviewed. Use the abbreviation "dir." for the director. Example Barnes, Clive. "The Story of a Life." Rev. of Collected Stories, dir. Liz UsIan.The CITING PAMPHLETS Cite a pamphlet the same way you would a book. Example Jaffe, Natalie. "Men's Jobs for Women: Toward Occupational Equality." Public Affairs Pamphlet 606 (August 1968): 10-17. CITING GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS The format varies with the information available. The basic citation for a government document looks like this: Format Government agency. Subsidiary agency. Title of Document. Publication information. Examples United States Congressional House Subcommittee on Health and Education. Federal Policies Regarding Distribution of Aid to Dependent Children. 97th Congress. CITING LECTURES OR SPEECHES Format Name the speaker, the title of the speech, the name of the occasion or sponsoring organization, the location, and the date. If you can't get all this information, provide as much as possible. Example Sorenson, Sharon. "Addressing the Needs of the Learning-Disabled Middle-School Child." National Council of Teachers of English Annual Convention. CITING INTERVIEWS Format Subject of the interview. Personal interview or 'Telephone interview. Date. Example Goldish, Meish. Personal interview. October 3 I 2007. CITING TELEVISION OR RADIO SHOWS Format Significant people involved with the production. Their role: Writ, (writer), Dir. (director), Perf. (performer), Narr. (narrator), Prod, (producer). Example "Universal Health Care." 20120. Narr. Barbara Walters. Prod. Sammi Page Format The Works Cited page (or the Bibliography) is the last page of your paper. Here are some additional guidelines to follow as you prepare this page: • Title. Center the title Works Cited on the top of the page, about one inch from the top. Do not underline it, boldface it, or place it in italics. • Alphabetical order. Entries are arranged in alphabetical order according to the author's last name. If the entry doesn't have an author (such as an encyclopedia entry or an editorial), alphabetize it according to the first word of the title. Ignore the prepositions A, An, and The. • Numbering. Do not number the entries. • Indentation. Start each entry flush left. Don't indent the first line, but do indent the second and all subsequent lines of an entry. Use the standard indent of five spaces. • Spacing. As with the rest of your paper, double-space each entry on your Works Cited page. In the next chapter, you'll learn how to present your research paper. |
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